The Impact Of Emotions On Decision Making - 1313 Words

It is crucial for leaders to recognize that the decision making process is significantly influenced by emotions. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of emotions on decision making in organizations. A brief summary of the attributes associated with emotional intelligence (EQ) will be provided. Additionally, how I would ascribe to each of these attributes while making decisions will be discussed. Furthermore, a plan that would increase motivation, satisfaction, and performance in the workplace will be provided. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the developed plan will be proffered. EQ Attributes As discussed by Arunima et al. (2014), there is no specifically accepted universal definition of emotional intelligence. However, Mayer et al. as cited in Arunima et al. (2014) seems to define it best. They state that emotional intelligence is â€Å"the capacity to reason about emotions to enhance thinking. It includes the abilities to accurately perceive emo tions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth.† (p. 38). Hence, it appears that emotional intelligence in the workplace can be hypothesized as the ability to recognize and empathize with one’s own emotions and those of others. Once these emotions are understood and organized, they are then utilized to promote growth and participation within theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Critical Thinking and Ethical Decision Making1036 Words   |  5 PagesCritical thinking and ethical decision making are crucial for academic success as well as career success. Both critical thinking and ethical choices allow an appreciation of diverse points of view using analytic approaches, create a tolerance for and an appreciation of ambiguity, allow for creative problem-solving, and give the ability to integrate knowledge from diverse viewpoints into unified ideas and strategies. To better understand how critical thinking and ethics impacts our success, we must analyzeRead MoreEthics, Conflict Management, And Organizational Commitment1664 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagement, and organizational commitment. By exploring these different areas in a business context, we can overall have a better understanding of why individuals choose to behave a certain way when on the job. For ethical decision-making, I will explore the steps involved in the decision-making process and what internal factors of an individual cause he or she to make an ethical or unethical choice. In terms of conflict management, I will discuss previous works of literature that contribute to the overallRead MoreEmotional Intelligence Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesIn our everyday lives, we are constantly interacting with other individuals. These interactions have an effect on our emotions. We have to learn how to identify and deal with these emotions because th ey have a direct effect on how we deal with issues at work. Individuals can work their way through this process by becoming aware of the importance of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is sometimes referred to as EI or EQ. In their article, Colfax, Rivera Perez (2010) stated thatRead MoreThe Bravest Response To Fear833 Words   |  4 PagesThere is no doubt that fear is a very powerful emotion, but what power does this emotion have over humans? Is there a way to resist this power and respond to it correctly? Well, fear has the power to shape humans’ behaviors, clouding their judgement and decisions. Thus, the correct way to respond to this fear is to be aware of these emotions. This is explicitly demonstrated in William Golding’s , Lord of the Flies, which narrates the journey of a group of boys when they find themselves alone on aRead MoreFast And Slow By Daniel Kahneman776 Words   |  4 Pageslonger the only determinants. George A. Akerlof and Richel E. Kranton support this challenge by providing two economic analysis models that include identity as an important variable. While Kahneman focuses primarily on individualsâ⠂¬â„¢ inability to make decisions based on profit-determined utility values, Akerlof and Kranton emphasize that motivation associated with identity is the missing component of the traditional utility model. In order to demonstrate flaws of the traditional view, Kahneman supportsRead MoreDemocracy, Freedom, And The American Dream910 Words   |  4 PagesPathos is an appeal based on emotion†. Pathos is the most powerful appeal out of the three due to the fact that if you can control a person’s emotion you can control their decision making process. Having a person act on emotions will cause them to do whatever the person is trying to persuade them to do. When we, as a class, did the persuasion speeches ourselves for our organization Mo used Pathos to help prove her point. She started to cry during the speech making Miller2 other people inRead MoreThe Relationship Of Emotions And Investment Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagesof emotions and investment. Specifically, there will be an emphasis on the feelings, self-control, and how our decision making play a role in investing. This paper will also include a detailed summary of the emotional states of misattribution bias, positive and negative emotions, pessimism and optimism. Lastly, this paper will contain an explanation of how this behavior influences investing, and how to alleviate this comportment through self-control. Emotional states, feelings Our emotions canRead MoreConsumer Decision Making : Consumer Behavior1604 Words   |  7 PagesConsumer Decision Making Process To determine what products to produce companies must first understand why consumers buy the items they buy, or determine their interest and necessities, this understanding is gained from analyzing consumer behavior. Consumer behavior is defined as the process by which individuals search for, select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services, in satisfaction of their needs and wants (2017). To understand how to target their market consumers Nighthawk Motor’sRead MoreChronic Stress Can Damage Brain Structure And Connectivity1448 Words   |  6 Pagesthat because the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons is white and fatty â€Å"and speeds the flow of electrical signals between neurons and brain regions.† Kaufer’s experiments focus specifically on the hippocampus, which is responsible for memory and emotions and can shrink under periods of stress. The Experiments show that white matter can change, which is what happens in schizophrenia, autism, suicide, PTS D or depression. This shows that too much myelin and white matter can cause prolonged stress. Read MoreIntellectual Merit Of Studying Moral Cognition Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesFurthering understanding of the cognitive processes that are employed while making moral judgments informs us as to how morality works and provides important information about how the brain interacts with itself. As we come to better understand these processes, we will become better equipped to enhance them. Broader Impacts of the Study of Moral Cognition The ability to improve moral decision-making abilities can impact society in ways no other research findings can; more lives can be saved and

Our Society Is Overly Materialistic. We Center Our Lives...

Topic 2 Our society is overly materialistic. We center our lives on acquiring material things at the expense of such traditional values as family and education. I agree with the issue that our society is becoming too materialistic. People are involved into a commercial world and forget their responsibilities to this society. The traditional value is taken place by materialistic culture. This is because that there is too much temptation to resist in this world, such as luxurious cars, vacations and clothes of brand names. Parents do not spend enough time with their children. Todays children get more and fancier toys to play. Parents buy these toys to please their children. However, parents would not to sit down with the children†¦show more content†¦Similarly, childrens birthday consume too much. To celebrate a birthday party, the parents usually pay about $150.00 to a fun place such as McDonalds, Chucky cheeses, or childrens gym for a birthday party and spend at least $100 more for gifts, goodie bags and birthday cakes. When I was a child, my family birthday tradition was that I should do some housework for my mom because I needed to remember this special day was mothers suffering day. As the feedback, mom gave me an egg as the gift, which mean I was always her lovely baby. The traditional family value taught us to express love, joy and gratitude. However, it is disregarded. At last, todays marriage is getting involved into materialism as well. True love is changing to the relationship of money. People do not treat marriage as serious as before. So many young girls are having sex with rich men. A young girl told me, Marriage is my bridge to be the rich. Meanwhile, many people do not want take the traditional family responsibilities because they are strongly influenced by materialism. For example, my cousin, a 42-year-old successful man, wound not marry one of his girlfriends. He said, Family duties are too much. Comparing with spending too much money of raising children, I prefer to enjoy singles life as spending money on luxurious things for myself. Family values become very poor in some peoples mind. Given these facts, I conclude that our society is overly materialistic. The materialismShow MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic Marketing Management Dedication This book is dedicated to the authors’ wives – Gillian and Rosie – and to Ben Gilligan for their support while it was being written. Acknowledgements Our thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, IncRead MoreConflict Management and Emotional Intelligence63003 Words   |  253 PagesTheory  II:  Conflict  management  attitude               and  emotional  quotient                                 182   XI Chapter  1:      Introduction            1.1                               Background  to  the  research      Human   society   has   experienced   great   improvement   in   living   standards   as   a   result   of   advancement   in   information   technology   for   the   past   few    decades.      The    effects   of   information   technology   in   transforming   communication,   research  and  Read MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesorganizations. Answer: B Page Ref: 4 Objective: 1 Difficulty: Easy 2) ________ is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value. A) Marketing management B) Knowledge management C) Operations management D) Strategic management E) Distribution management Answer: A Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Easy 3) Identify the correct statement about marketing management

Vacant Chapter 7 Tradition Free Essays

For the second time since she came into my life, Emily and I walk away from the Gale Street Shelter. After making the trip with her last year, which was her first Christmas without her mom, I know how important â€Å"giving back† really is especially where Emily is concerned. I can’t help but glance over at her as we make the journey home. We will write a custom essay sample on Vacant Chapter 7 Tradition or any similar topic only for you Order Now This girl – woman – has been part of my life for 487 days, give or take a few hours. As I look back now, I realize I’m keeping track because the day I met Emily was the day I began to live, a rebirth in the form of a brunette angel who’s never asked for anything, yet I can’t help giving her everything I can. The past year has been filled with much patience and restraint on my part. As I realize Emily is still a child in the eyes of the law, I struggle to keep my mind on a virtuous path. Sometimes I swear she’s torturing me. This morning she decided to get a drink of orange juice after taking a shower but before getting dressed. She says she likes the taste of orange juice while the mint of the toothpaste lingers. I walked out of the bedroom, and there’s Emily†¦ bending over†¦ reaching for juice†¦in a towel. And because I’m frugal, our towels are cheap and on the small side. I think she knows she’s torturing me when she stands there, flexing her leg. I leave the house without my lunch or coat in haste to escape. I don’t want to continue down this path with my thoughts. I’ve made a vow to myself that my relationship with Emily will remain chaste, but it doesn’t mean I don’t have to redirect my thoughts on a consistent basis. I’m only human. On my way to work I make a mental note to save some money so I can buy her a robe†¦ with full coverage. The temperature has dropped since our arrival at the shelter this morning, so we walk quickly. This is our Christmas tradition now. Emily asked that we visit last year as a way to remember her mother. Now, I see how lucky we truly are with what we have. There are so many who have nothing. Our home may lack many of the modern conveniences and technological advances of most, but we are healthy, bellies full, and we have a roof over our heads. Helping to serve dinner and visit with the shelter patrons is a way for Emily and me to pay it forward. We don’t exchange expensive gifts. Instead, I always get her a new kitchen gadget from the Dollar Store, and she always bakes me butterscotch cookies. It’s not much, but it’s meaningful and the only thing that counts to us. As my arm swings with the rhythm of my feet, I brush Emily’s fingers with my own. It’s an innocent accident, though the sudden warmth in my chest is anything but. I’m not sure how much longer I’ll be able to keep up this ruse, playing her brotherly protector. While Emily has never spoken about boys in her class or voiced interests of the romantic sort, I know it’s inevitable. She has blossomed into a beautiful creature who has no idea of the devastation her beauty wreaks upon me and, surely, the boys around her. Her smile is infectious, and it’s only a matter of time before a suitor comes knocking at our door. I kind of feel sorry for the poor boy, as my first time meeting him will most likely be ugly. I’m a fierce guardian where Emily is concerned, not just because it’s my duty to protect her but because seeing Emily with another guy will end me. I want to reach out and take her hand in mine as we walk, but I don’t. I have calculated the difference in our ages. Five years doesn’t seem all that much when she is twenty and I’m twenty-five. However, she is seventeen and still a minor, which is the only important difference, no matter how hard my libido begs to differ. I have to prepare for her to have romantic feelings for someone her own age, not a twenty-two year-old guy who has to act like her older brother. Sisters rarely hold hands with their brothers. â€Å"Why don’t you go out on dates?† Emily suddenly asks in the middle of New Year’s Day dinner. She insists on serving black-eyed peas because they are lucky if you eat them on the first day of the year. They taste like shit, but as usual, I humor her by eating them. â€Å"Huh?† I stall. She’s familiar with my deliberate stall tactic and narrows her eyes at me. â€Å"I’ve never seen you with a woman.† She pauses, like she’s unsure how to broach the next part. â€Å"I mean, you’re a good looking guy. There have to be opportunities for you to go out†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stops and takes a deep breath as if preparing herself for my answer. â€Å"Uhhh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yep. â€Å"Never mind, Ethan. I can tell it’s not a topic you want to talk about.† With that, she leaves the table and her half-eaten plate and heads for the bedroom, one of her only options for privacy . The door closes and I’m left feeling more confused than ever. I’m learning that girls are confusing, especially where Emily is concerned. How to cite Vacant Chapter 7 Tradition, Essay examples

System of a Downs Inner Vision free essay sample

System of a Down, also known as SODA, is an Armenian-American rock and from Glendale, California. The group formed in 1 994, and later split in 2006. The band consists Of Sere Tanking who sings lead vocals, and also plays the keyboards. Darn Mammalian is the lead guitar player. Shave Adjoin mainly played the bass. Last but not least, John Dolman whose main job was to play the drums. The band first started after Soil had split up. Tanking and Mammalian decided to start a new band. Their band name came from a poem title Victims of the Down.Yet they were convinced that the name System of a down would be more appealing to the public. The song Inner Vision is just one of their many songs. It came from the album Steal this Album which was released to the public on November 26, 2002. Angry is a power metal band from So Paulo, Brazil. We will write a custom essay sample on System of a Downs Inner Vision or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Angry was formed in 1991 by Santa Marcela Music College students vocalist Andre MOTOS, duo guitarist Rafael Bitternut and And © Lineages. The band Angry now consists of Deed Fallfish, who is the bands leading vocals. Koki Loire happens to be the bands lead guitar player.Rafael Bitternut happens to also play the guitars for the band. Feline Andrei is the bands base player. Last but definitely not least, Richard Confessors is the bands drums player. Unlike System of a Down, the band Angry has not split up, and they keep coming out with new music every year or so. The song The Temple of Hate came from their album called Temple of Shadows. You see the relation? Get it? Temple of. Anyways, the band released this album in January of 2006. A song is split into two, yet equal groups, the actual music played, and the lyrics sung throughout the song.In the two songs, Temple of Hate and Inner Vision, you can actually hear that both songs use the same type of instruments. Since both bands are heavy metal, you can hear the way the drums take up an important part in the music and is heavily inflicted into the songs. The drums are played with lots of experience, and since it is a heavy metal band, the drums are played really fast with lots of precision. In the song Inner Vision, the drums are the main instrument being used in the song. The drums are being played very heavily and efficiently by Dolman.If you ever happen to watch any music video with System of a Down, you will often twice that the drums player is always very exhausted at the end of the song. That is because the drums take up the most important role in this bands genre. In the song Temple of Hate, you can also hear the drums going off as the main instrument. In both pieces, the drums are very heavy and take up the main role. Another important instrument in these songs, are the guitars. In each song, a heavy metal guitar bass is being used to get the metal type of feeling.Another key factor in these songs, is that there is a small section in the song where the guitarist does a solo. Meaning that at that specific time, the only instrument that is being played is the guitar. Think this is a very heavy contribution to the songs, as well as the band. In order to be a metal band, you must be able to play a killer metal guitar. When each song starts, you can hear both the drums and the guitar being played at a vigorous speed. Its almost amazing how they are able to defy the laws of physics. Another key factor stated earlier was that the lyrics to a song are just as important as the actual music being played.In the song Temple of Hate, the years are introduced into the song at about 55 seconds into the music. The lyrics in this song are very dark and demeaning. By looking at the title, you can automatically assume that the Song has a Very dark feeling to it and is a metal song: Nations battle on the field across the lands Ruthless stealing territories from our hands Anger throwing down the victims to the ground Cold blood younger soldiers weeping with no sound Revolution striking down right now! This verse is the very first one in the song. You can presume that the song is about war and revolution.The music goes very well with the lyrics. They feel as if they are being treated unfairly and they start a revolution. The music goes well with this annotation because you can feel the angry feeling to the music, as well with the lyrics. The lyrics also describe how the soldiers are young, and still technically babies. This fits well with the music because it shows a sign of disturbed youth, which inflicts heavy metal music on young adults. The Temple of Hate has no sign of a happy ending. Maybe for the country as a whole, but definitely not for these individual soldiers.System of a Downs song Inner Vision, on the other hand, shows a different style with its lyrics: Melee have a home Longing to roam have to find you have to meet you Signs of your face Slowing your pace need your guidance need to seek my inner vision Inner vision These lyrics show a sign of neediness, maybe even greed. Unlike the song The Temple of Hate, the lyrics to System of a Downs song Inner Vision shows no sign of a revolution, or being held back against ones own will. The message shown in Inner Vision is the feeling of needing someone, or not Ewing able to move on with a certain someones direction, or approval.Something that both songs have in common, lyric wise, is that for both of the songs, the lyrics fit in perfectly with the songs. Although the beats sound similar, and that they use the same instruments and all, but have completely different meanings as to what the song is actually about, each group, both System of a Down, and Angry, manage to put their song perfectly into the style of their own lyrics. Two different bands, from two different regions, still manage to end up having the same style of music.

The study of organizational behavior free essay sample

The study of organizational behavior is concerned with: A) psychosocial, interpersonal, and organizational structure B) interpersonal, group dynamics in organizations, and work design C) psychosocial, interpersonal, and work design D) psychosocial, interpersonal, and group dynamics in organizations Points Earned: Correct Answer(s): D 2. The beliefs and assumptions about people, work, and the organization best reflects the: A) social surface B) formal organization C) informal organization D) overt part of an organization Points Earned: Correct Answer(s): C 3. The task of an organization is reflected in its: A) mission, purpose or goal B) human resources C) input materials D) structure Points Earned: 1. 0/1. 0 Correct Answer(s): A 4. The science of human behavior and individual differences is: A) psychology B) sociology C) engineering D) anthropology 5. EXTRA CREDIT: What was your preferred learning style as indicated by the VARK Questionnaire? Also list one way you want to take in intormation according to your style. For the extra point you had to name your VARK learning style AND one way to take in information (according to VARK) Points Earned: 0. We will write a custom essay sample on The study of organizational behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page /0. 0 6. The internal or external perspectives offer: A) conflicting explanations for human behavior B) complementary explanations for human behavior C) alternative explanations for human behavior D) similar explanations for human behavior 7. The specific setting within which organizational behavior is enacted would be called the: A) external environment B) situation C) organizational context D) group Points Earned: 0. 0/1. 0 8. Culture and the study of learned behavior comprise the domain of: A) management B) psychology C) sociology 9. All of the following are internal behavioral processes except: A) Judging B) perceiving C) leading D) cognition The four main driving forces creating and shaping changes at work include: A) globalization, demography, diversity, ethics B) globalization, technology, diversity, employee attitudes C) globalization, diversity, ethics, and technology D) globalization, technology, religiosity, ethics 11. The description of an organization as clockworks, in which human behavior is logical and rational, would come from which level within the organization? A) organizational level B) internal level C) group or department level D) individual level The work of Hofstede is important because his studies revealed that more differences n work-related attitudes can be explained by: A) culture B) age C) gender D) profession The major difference between prejudice and discrimination is: A) prejudice refers to behavior and discrimination refers to an attitude B) discrimination has been shown to have more of an impact on productivity than prejudice C) prejudice has been shown to have more of an impact on productivity than discrimination D) prejudice refers to an attitude and discrimination refers to behavior Points Earned: 0. 0/1. According to your text, African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans are likely to be at disadvantage within organizations because: A) available Jobs in the tuture will require less skill than in the past B) they are under-represented in declining occupations C) the proportion of African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans who are qualified for higher level Jobs are often higher than the proportion of qualified whites and Asian- Americans D) they tend to live in a small number of large cities that are facing severe economic difficulties Points Earned: 0. 0/1. 0 Globalization implies all of the following except: A) a borderless world B) competition between workers from other countries C) an organizations nationality is held strongly in consciousness D) the world is free from national boundaries Which of the following was NOT recommended as a technique for increasing the sensitivity of differences between people from various cultures? A) describing one anothers culture B) cultural sensitivity training C) cross-cultural task forces or teams D) role analysis technique (RAT) Which statement best captures the spirit of managing diversity? A) It is a painful examination of hidden assumptions that employees hold. B) It is assimilating women and minorities into a dominant male culture. C) It is complying with affirmative action. D) It is being a good corporate citizen. Which of the following statements/statistics about women in the workforce is incorrect? A) There has been little increase in the number of women CEOs.

Lacsaps Fractions Theory essays

Lacsap's Fractions Theory essays 2.Deriving general expression of Numerator 3 3.Deriving general expression of denominator 10 4.Validating the general expression 14 5.FINDING ADDITIONAL ROWS USING GENERAL EXPRESSION 19 Lacsap's fractions are based upon Pascal's triangle. The general triangle's rule is "Starting with1/1 at the top, the numerator (top number) is increased by one each step to downward right, and the denominator (bottom number) is increases by one each step to the downward left. Each fraction on the inside thereby has the numerator of the fraction to its upper-right, and the denominator of the fraction to its upper-left." So basically, going to the right, the denominator increases but if we go to the left, the numerator increases, both by one. The purpose of this assignment is to examine a set of fractions presented in a symmetrical pyramid, and generate a general formula for the fractions with respect to the row and element number after considering the first five rows. Well be finding a general statement for En(r) of the Lacsaps fractions, where En(r) denotes the fraction, n stands for the nth row and r stands for the number in the row starting with r = 0. I am going to use MS-Office as a technological tool. Lets represent each of the Lacsaps fraction in the following form: where, n denotes the row number and r denotes the element number in the row starting from 0. Let N(n) represents the numerator of the fraction and denotes the denominator. Before trying to find a general statement, we should change all the 1s into fractions based on the numerator because all the numerators of each row are the same. Our pattern should look like this after doing so. Now we can separate the numerator from the denominator and work with it separately to get two equations which will be combined later on. 2. Deriving general expression of Numerator Since all the numerators have the same numerical value in the row, we wou...

African philosophy

Among Southern African communities ubuntu is associated with the maxim umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu, which, loosely translated into English, may be construed to mean that to be a human being is to affirm one? s humanity by recognising the humanity of others and, on that basis, establish humane relations with them (Ramose, 2002; Ramphele, 2001): a point which Sindane (1994:8-9) underscores, saying that â€Å"ubuntu inspires us to expose ourselves to others, to encounter the difference of their humanness so as to inform and enrich our own†. Letseka (2000), one of the philosophers who have written on ubuntu argues that this concept illuminates the communal embeddedness and connectedness of a person to other persons and also highlights the importance attached to people and to human relationships (Letseka, 2000:183). It is essential to understand that ubuntu does not wholly reject material wealth acquired through individual effort, as is evidenced by this saying among the Sotho communities: „U tla phela ka mofufutso oa phatla ea hau? which loosely translated means „you will live by the sweat of your brow? (Letseka, 2000:183). Ubuntu rejects competition and arrogance arising from being rich, as these can be detrimental to cooperative living within the community. Individual effort is good as long as it generates resources for the maintenance and sustenance of human life. The main concern of ubuntu is the welfare of others. This is why when two Africans meet in the street, it is likely they will enquire about the health and welfare of family members rather than the weather as most Westerners would do (Letseka, 2000:183-184). For Venter (2004:159), ubuntu/botho/menslikheid/humaneness is a philosophy that promotes the common good of society. It contains the potential to enable South Africans to succeed in their quest for reconciliation and nation building

Is the MENA region assigned a peripheral place in the global economic Essay

Is the MENA region assigned a peripheral place in the global economic systemOr is the region so diverse that we cannot talk in such generalised terms - Essay Example According to Allan (2001) these world crises have tackled regions with certain reasons following them such that most of the renowned economists had not anticipated the crisis and thus concluded that the models they used could not adequately explain the situation. It is for this reason that the governments of different nations, businesses, unions and institutions are now anxiously in search of solutions that will not only solve the problems but also prepare the entire global community for the future outcomes. The crises have several effects on the multilateral trading system and this has led to the regional dialogue on current and future challenges for multilateral trading system - Development Perspectives from MENA region. The discussion intends to connect various stakeholders found in the MENA region and is to be conducted through the exchange if analysis and information necessary in debating on several questions which include; what the above crises mean to the multilateral trading system and development perception of MENA region and what the pros and cons of WTO attainments of MENA countries comprise (Barnett and Rolando 2002). MENA region refers to the Middle East and North Africa which is mostly applied in business and academic scripts. The region covers Morocco to Iran and basically includes all the countries found in Arab Middle East and North Africa. Its population constitutes 6 percent of the world’s population. The region has enormous reserves of petroleum and natural gas that enable the region to be a major source of the global economic stability. Study show that the region has 60 percent of world’s oil raw materials as well as 45 percent of world’s natural gas. Â  It is true that MENA region is so diverse that it can not be referred to in generalised terms this is because it comprises of many countries with the common contributor for economic development. It is therefore not possible to talk of the region as

Structural Theory of Conflict Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Structural Theory of Conflict - Research Paper Example However, since the 1970s newer approaches have started to come out with new concepts of criminology. All of these approaches evolved into what is now known as left realism. The major difference which can be found between the left idealism and left realism is a moral issue which will be discovered later in this article. Traditional Marxist Theories Marx himself had very little to say about crime. He merely explained it as a product of poverty. However, there are other sociologists who have built the traditional Marxist approach to crime. There are four main areas which are discussed by the traditional Marxist approach: the manipulation of values; the process of law creation; the enforcement of law; and individual motivation. According to the Marxists society is controlled by powerful industrialists- bourgeoisie. Control is maintained in the society by means of socialization and threat. Through the process of socialization the young are taught to obey the power and value of the capital ist system. A wide range of social institutions such as the school, mass media and religion convey the message to the masses. Marxists claim that the meaning of crime depends upon the dominant social values. A very valid example would be that the murder of a person in a brawl will be counted as a severe crime but the death of a factory worker is considered an accident even though the cause of the accident might be the irresponsible attitude of the management. The problem which results from this is that the perception which is created through the sociological institutions that much of the crime is carried out by the youth, or the working class men or the black. This creates an ideology which causes the law enforcement agencies to focus more on these people and as a consequence there are more policemen in such areas. According to concepts of Marx law is created by the ruling class. The ruling class ensures that the laws not only maintain their dominance but they also provide them the freedom to carry out oppression and also preventing the working class for improving their standard of living. Marxists also argue that the law enforcement acts as a major catalyst in widening the gap between the ruling class and the working class. This is quite visible by the way that crime is handled. Street crimes are more likely to be punished more severely than white-collar crimes. This is compounded by the fact that white-collar crimes are very likely to be dealt by the firm itself by firing etc. to avoid the scandals. Apart from this the treatment of these crimes is also a question mark on the law enforcement system where street crimes might result in long jail sentences whereas corporate or white-collar crimes usually only result in heavy crimes. Two areas which are explained and discussed extensively in Marxist studies are mugging and corporate crime. When ‘mugging’ is discussed most important details are provided by Hall et al. (1979) in the book policing the C risis.’ It was in the early 1970s that mugging became the headline news in Britain. Mugging can be defined as robbery in the streets where the person is threatened or harmed. Mugging was an entirely new concept for the masses and simultaneously grabbed the focus of the news agencies who from time to time reported these crimes. This had increased such that the stat came out that it had increased by 129

Ethics & people Essay Example for Free

Ethics people Essay The question of ethics is particularly important for a person who is both part of society and works with a group. The development of community and collective self is impossible without the struggle of opposing ideas and positions, and the collision of different points of views and opinions through which it is possible to overcome contradictions and disagreements. The relationship within a team works in a â€Å"mirror-system† where members can see their behavior reflected in their interaction with other people. An example of this can be seen when group members introduce themselves to each other. Usually, group members gauge how they will act depending on how the first person introducing will make them feel. If they feel comfortable with the personality of that person, they will also act naturally. However, if they feel threatened or intimidated, they will also exhibit signs of such. Understanding this particular group dynamic is important in maintaining relationships in the workplace. Once members understand this, they start to create their own group values/culture of which good ethics is a foundation. The presence of group ethics and values can lead to the success of a group especially in diffusing conflicts to maintain decorum and maintain work ethic (Green 2006). I want to point out an experience I had in which I acted unethically within a group. This instance happened last semester when I took a class in Entrepreneurship and got into an argument with a groupmate while planning for a project entitled â€Å"Blue Ocean Strategy†. I was trying to convince him that my side was right. I was on the verge of tears that I raised my voice and walked out on him, slamming the door as I left. In retrospect, I realized that I reacted unethically to the situation. Since I was part of a team, my actions disrupted the group and affected our work ethic. But what was I to do? Keep quiet even though I had a good suggestion for the group? Let my idea be discarded without me fighting for it? I have tried to justify my actions as a way for me to assert myself, to make my groupmate realize that I was trying to contribute to the group. This, however, did not change the fact that my outburst affected my groups opinion of me. Now I understand that to act ethically is to act calmly in resolving conflicts. In defending my ideas, I have to be careful to exude confidence calmly and not arrogantly. Being aggressive and arrogant creates a negative feeling within the group. It is also important to choose words carefully when dragged into a conflict. It is even better if I keep my silence even if my groupmate is goading me. I should calm myself and wait for my partner to calm down too before we try and solve the problem. The Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu in his book The Art of War shared that it is best to win without fighting (Tzu 1). Thus, the real winner of any conflict is the one who is able to prevent it from the start. It is an important exercise to weigh factors first before getting into a conflict. â€Å"What have I got to gain? To lose? †, â€Å"Will these actions lead to a solution for the group or for myself? † These are the questions that I will ask myself before I confront any one, not just members of my group. Conflicts will always arise whenever people get together. What is important is how the group will move together to resolve such issues. Even though groups move in different contexts, whether political, social, industrial or domestic, the strategies to conflict management are grounded on one, same idea. We should always act and behave ethically and not let emotions seize our actions. Works Cited Green, Daryl. Understanding Group and Personal Ethics. Nu Leadership Series. 2006. EzineArticles. com. Web. 21 July 2010. http://ezinearticles. com/? Understanding- Group- and-Personal-EthicsNu-Leadership-Seriesid=419973 Tzu, Sun. The Art of War. Trans. Shawn Conners and Lionel Giles. Texas: el Paso Norte

Byzantine Empire :: essays research papers

After the Western Empire ‘fell’ in 476 CE, a new empire rose in its place. The new empire, the Byzantine Empire, was based on the cultures and traditions of the Western Empire, but also contained many distinctive features. The two empires were very similar since they existed in the same area and carried some of the same cultral roots. But the Byzantie Empire came into existence after the Roman Empire divided into two sections and the Western Roman Empire collapsed. One reason for the decline of the Western Roman Empire was that the move of the capital city to Constantinople in 330 C.E. Emperor Constantine moved the capital to a better location for trade and defense purposes. As the Byzantine Empire grew and prospered, it carried on traditions, culture and the way of life of the Western Roman Empire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In both the Byzantine and Western Roman Empire’s the complex and well thought out systems of government contributed to the success of the empires. Since the Roman system of government was devoloped 400 years before the Byzantine government, Byzantine officals borrowed some of the Roman Laws. These Roman laws were called the Justinian Code, which was a legal system that helped the Byzantine Empire survive for many years. This code, created by emperor Justinian, consisted of four main parts. The Code,5000 working laws, the Digest, explains why they exist, the Institues, text book for lawyers, and the Novellae, room for new laws. Another part of the government that both the Byzantine and thr Western Roman Empire had in common was a civil service. Augustus first established a civil service in the Roman Empire in 27 C.E. It was a system that pays workers who are skilled at their jobs to work for the government. This idea was carried to the Byzantine Empire where a bureacury, exactly like a civil service, was set up. Another major part of both empires was their strong and loyal army. The army was used for defending the vast empires as well as expanding it by conquering new teritories.

Chloe’s Story

Which serous membrane in Chloe’s abdomen most likely contains the greatest adipose tissue? The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane of the body which contains the greater omentum, the largest peritoneal fold. The greater omentum normally contains a considerable amount of adipose tissue. The adipose tissue content can greatly expand with weight gain, giving rise to a characteristic â€Å"beer belly† seen in some individuals. B. What involuntary muscle process initiated by deglutition of water may cause Chloe pain?Swallowing is the involuntary contraction of pharyngeal muscles which sets peristalsis begins with coordinated contractions and relaxation of muscles in the esophagus and into the stomach, where she just had surgery. C. Why might reduction of the size of Chloe’s stomach reduce her acid reflux? The stomach empties quicker, due to the bypass of the duodenum where the most, if not all the churning takes place with digestive enzymes that could force the sphincter to emit the reflux. D. How will protein digestion be affected by Chloe’s surgery?The proteins would be flushed out of the body quicker than usual with the high vulnerability of malabsorption. Normally, pepsin begins the enzymatic digestion of the ingested proteins; they linger in the stomach longer than most of the ingested food with the end result of gastric protein digestion is a chyme of mostly polypeptides and some free amino acids to be absorbed in to the body. Pancreatic Protease digests protein in the basic environment of the small intestine. E. Which pancreatic enzymes would Chloe need to breakdown the fats in her nutritional drink?Lipase works with bile excreted from the liver breaking down fat molecules. F. Why might Chloe be at risk for gallstones (crystallized cholesterol which can block the flow of bile from the gallbladder)? A change in diet, no longer consuming high fatty and high cholesterol laden foods. Rapid weight loss. The gall bladder aid in the digestion and absorption of fats in the duodenum which is no longer being used. G. Would absorption of nutrients be substantially altered in the small intestine following Chloe’s gastric bypass surgery? Why or why not?Yes, absorption is greatly affected following the gastric bypass surgery. The time the food stays in the body is severely limited, along with the additional malabsorption of important vitamins and nutrients will change. H. Why is vitamin B12 deficiency a serious concern? Vitamin B12 deficiency impairs the body’s ability to make blood, accelerates blood cell destruction, and damages the nervous system resulting in possible irreversibility. I. With which complications should Chloe be concerned following the surgery? Not to overeat; ingesting too much food could overly stretch damaging the reduced stomach.J. Why is monitoring nutrition so important to Chloe now? The digestion has been permanently altered; digestion and absorption of nutrients have been comp romised. Vitamin supplements must be taken to aid with the body maintaining homeostasis. K. Chloe went on a liquid diet immediately following her surgery. Based on what you have learned about nutrition in this chapter, which substances would you include in a liquid diet? My diet would include essential vitamins and minerals including all four food groups. There are many amino acids that cannot replicate other than the body produces them.

Organizational paradigms Essay

Every organization is different and there is no perfect organizational paradigm that fits an organization in all situations. Even though the most common organizational paradigms are hierarchies, holarchies, coalitions, teams, congregations, societies, federations, and matrix organizations there are many more kinds that exist which are a combination of these with a few extra attributes. â€Å"What is clear is that all approaches have different characteristics which may be more suitable for some problems and less suitable for others† ( Horling & Lesser, 2005) I feel that among these organizational paradigms a combination of hierarchical and team based designs offer the best of the attributes. Because, hierarchical structured organizational is one of the oldest and time tested paradigms with very clear advantages over the other paradigms. A hierarchical organizational design helps decomposition and that is its major advantages. In addition, hierarchical organizations are formed with number of departments each with a hierarchy of its own and that helps the organization tackle large scale projects and scaling is comparatively easy depending on the need of the situation. They are also the simplest to understand and induction of new employees and their reporting system are comparatively more systematic and well organized. The trouble with hierarchical systems, however is that they tend to develop bottlenecks and decision making processes tend to take longer. That is the reason, for my belief that if the hierarchical organization create teams within itself, it would improve the overall flexibility of the organization and avoid the creation of bottle necks. Because teams are set of employees who work towards a common goal supporting and coordinating with each other. Whenever a larger problem crops up that cannot be handled by individuals the team can take care of them and take the organization forward. References Horling & Lesser, 2005, A Survey of Multi-Agent Organizational Paradigms, retrieved May 14, 2009 from http://polaris. ing. unimo. it/didattica/cas/L6/Lesser_OrgParadigms. pdf

Pride and Prejudice Themes and Literary Devices

Pride and Prejudice Themes and Literary Devices Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is a classic comedy of manners that satirizes 18th-century society and, particularly, the expectations placed on women of the era. The novel, which follows the romantic entanglements of the Bennet sisters, includes themes of love, class, and, as one might guess, pride and prejudice. These are all covered with Austen’s signature wit, including the literary device of free indirect discourse that permits a particular style of in-depth, sometimes satirical narration. Love and Marriage As one might expect from a romantic comedy, love (and marriage) is a central theme to Pride and Prejudice. In particular, the novel focuses on the different ways love may grow or disappear, and whether or not society has room for romantic love and marriage to go together. We see love at first sight (Jane and Bingley), love that grows (Elizabeth and Darcy), and infatuation that fades (Lydia and Wickham) or has faded (Mr. and Mrs. Bennet). Throughout the story, it becomes apparent that the novel is arguing that love based on genuine compatibility is the ideal. Marriages of convenience are presented in a negative light: Charlotte marries the obnoxious Mr. Collins out of economic pragmatism and admits as much, while Lady Catherine’s imperious attempts at forcing her nephew Darcy to marry her daughter to consolidate estates are presented as outdated, unfair, and, ultimately, an unsuccessful power grab. Like several of Austen’s novels, Pride and Prejudice also cautions against infatuation with overly charming people. Wickham’s smooth manner easily charms Elizabeth, but he turns out to be deceitful and selfish and not a good romantic prospect for her. Real love is found in compatibility of character: Jane and Bingley are well-suited because of their absolute kindness, and Elizabeth and Darcy come to realize that both are strong-willed but kind and intelligent. Ultimately, the novel is a strong recommendation of love as a basis for marriage, something that was not always the case in its era. The Cost of Pride The title makes it pretty clear that pride is going to be an important theme, but the message is more nuanced than just the concept itself. Pride is presented as perfectly reasonable to some degree, but when it gets out of hand, it gets in the way of the characters’ happiness. Thus, the novel suggests that an excess of pride is costly. As Mary Bennet says in one of her memorable quotes, Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves, vanity to what we would have others think of us.  In Pride and Prejudice, there are plenty of prideful characters, mostly among the wealthy. Pride in social position is the most common failing: Caroline Bingley and Lady Catherine both believe themselves superior because of their money and social privilege; they also are vain because they are obsessed with maintaining this image. Darcy, on the other hand, is intensely proud but not vain: he does initially place too high a value on social station, but he is so proud and secure in that pride that he doesn’t bother with even basic social niceties. This pride costs him Elizabeth at first, and it is not until he learns to temper his pride with compassion that he becomes a worthy partner. Prejudice In Pride and Prejudice, â€Å"prejudice† is not as socially charged as it is in contemporary usage. Here, the theme is more about preconceived notions and snap judgments rather than race- or gender-based biases. Prejudice is a flaw of several characters, but first and foremost it is the main flaw of our protagonist Elizabeth. She prides herself on her ability to judge character, but her observations also lead her to form bias very quickly and deeply. The most obvious example of this is her immediate prejudice against Mr. Darcy because of his dismissal of her at the ball. Because she’s already formed this opinion, she is predisposed to believe Wickham’s tales of woe without stopping to think twice. This prejudice leads her to judge him unfairly and to reject him based on partially inaccurate information. Elizabeth and Darcys relationship embodies many of the themes of Pride and Prejudice (Photo credit: Focus Features). Prejudice is not necessarily a bad thing, the novel seems to say, but like pride, it is only good so long as it is reasonable. For instance, Jane’s total lack of bias and over-willingness to â€Å"think well of everyone,† as Elizabeth puts it, is detrimental to her happiness, as it blinds her to the Bingley sisters’ true natures until it’s almost too late. Even Elizabeth’s prejudice against Darcy is not entirely unfounded: he is, in fact, proud and thinks himself above many of the people around them, and he does act to separate Jane and Bingley. In general, prejudice of the common sense variety is a useful tool, but unchecked prejudice leads to unhappiness. Social Status In general, Austen’s novels tend to focus on gentry- that is, non-titled people with some land holdings, although of varying financial statuses. The gradations between the rich gentry (like Darcy and Bingley) and those who aren’t so well off, like the Bennets, become a way to distinguish sub-strata within the gentry. Austens depictions of hereditary nobility are often a little satirical. Here, for instance, we have Lady Catherine, who at first seems powerful and intimidating. When it really comes down to it (that is, when she tries to stop the match between Elizabeth and Darcy), she is utterly powerless to do anything except yell and sound ridiculous. Although Austen does indicate that love is the most important thing in a match, she also does match up her characters with socially â€Å"appropriate† matches: the successful matches are all within their same social class, even if not of equal finances. When Lady Catherine insults Elizabeth and claims that she would be an unsuitable wife for Darcy, Elizabeth calmly replies, â€Å"He is a gentleman; I am a gentleman’s daughter. So far, we are equal.† Austen does not upend the social order in any radical way, but rather gently mocks people who obsess too much about social and financial status. Free Indirect Discourse One of the most important literary devices a reader will encounter in a Jane Austen novel is free indirect discourse. This technique is used to slide into a character’s mind and/or emotions without stepping away from third-person narration. Instead of adding a tag such as â€Å"he thought† or â€Å"she supposed,† the narrator relays a character’s thoughts and feelings as if they themselves were speaking, but without breaking from the third-person perspective. For instance, when Bingley and his party first arrive at Meryton and meet the people gathered there, Austen uses free indirect discourse to put readers directly in Bingley’s head: â€Å"Bingley had never met with pleasanter people or prettier girls in his life; every body had been most kind and attentive to him, there had been no formality, no stiffness, he had soon felt acquainted with all the room; and as to Miss Bennet, he could not conceive an angel more beautiful.† These are not statements of fact so much as they are a relay of Bingley’s thoughts; one could easily replace â€Å"Bingley† and â€Å"he/his/him† with â€Å"I† and â€Å"me† and have a perfectly sensible first-person narration from Bingley’s perspective. This technique is a hallmark of Austen’s writing and is useful in several ways. First and foremost, it’s a sophisticated way of integrating a character’s inner thoughts into third-person narration. It also offers an alternative to constant direct quotations and tags like â€Å"he said† and â€Å"she thought.† Free indirect discourse allows the narrator to convey both the content of a character’s thoughts and the tone, by using language that resembles the words the characters themselves would choose. As such, it’s a crucial literary device in Austen’s satirical approach to country society.

Controversies in Organ Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Controversies in Organ Trade - Essay Example The author of the paper states that since health and money are two of the major considerations in life, the rich but sickly individual may be willing to buy an organ being sold in order to survive, while the poor having normal health would be willing to sell his body organ in return for a reasonable amount of money also for survival, given that either’s lives will not be put into high risk of harm. This argument may be viewed as a win-win situation by the proponents of organ trade while the oppositions, in contrast, may view this as a form of human exploitation. While commercialization of human organ is still illegal, the number of individuals waiting for organ transplant will continue to rise due to shortage of donors. To begin with, the legality of organ donation was honored in 1984 when the U.S. Congress passed the National Organ Transplant Act or NOTA in an effort to strengthen the nation’s ability to provide organs for transplant (Greussner and Benedetti 16). The N OTA strictly prohibits the commercial enterprise (buying/selling) in organ transplantation and provides protection and safety for the living donors (Greussner and Benedetti 17). In the U.S., as well as in all other countries, organ trafficking for profit is illegal, except in Iran (Cholia). With the ethical aspect, the net positive balance between recipient risk/benefit and donor risk/benefit justifies the use of living donors for organ transplantation (Greussner and Benedetti 17). Furthermore, the importance of organ donation is no longer debatable as it has already been proven that organ transplantation saves life. The need for solid organ transplantation has rapidly expanded beyond the supply of available organ donors and the most of which are in need of kidney transplant (Gruessner and Benedetti 16). The Organ Procurement Transplantation Network or OPTN showed 26,218 successful transplants and 13,252 donors from January to November 2010. Base on the above figures, it can be noti ced that the number of donors is just slightly above 10% of the total number of individuals waiting for donated organ transplants. In spite of the various promotional efforts by the authorities in-charged in organ donation, the reluctance of the people to voluntarily donate their body organs still remains. Could it be the lack of compensatory return that is worthy for the risk the donors will be taking? Because of this imbalance issues in the scheme of voluntarism for organ donation, some people in great need resorted to opt in the black market where there is greater access for organs from persons who are willing to provide healthy organs in exchange for money. Suddath and A. Altman presented the existence of organ black market when Levy Izhak Rosenbaum, a New York City resident, was accused to orchestrate the sale of a human kidney for $160,000. They added that most sales take place in developing countries, where a kidney can often be purchased for the price of a high-end TV. The W orld Health Organization also stated that through the purchase and sale of transplant organs from live donors are prohibited in many countries, the shortage of an indigenous supply of organs has led to the development of the international organ trade, where potential recipients travel abroad to obtain organs through commercial transactions (Shimazono).  

A Comparison of Gifted Education in UK and Singapore Essay

A Comparison of Gifted Education in UK and Singapore - Essay Example This discussion declares that the citizens showed their unrest with the education system, especially because of the ongoing Western influence on Singaporean beliefs and values in the period 1965-1985. The younger and emerging middle class citizens encouraged the government to promote democracy and public participation in its decision-making processes concerning matters such as education. Singapore had a single party dominated government, which did not represent the opposing views of its citizens appropriately. To counter the negative attitude of its citizens, Singapore’s government introduced a systemic educational reform to improve the education system in the early 1980s. It streamed students according to their different academic abilities, and in consequence, they could focus and challenge their unique abilities. The Ministry of Education proposed this education system and termed it as ‘Ability-Driven Education’ system of education. The new streaming system enab led students to learn and evolve at their own intellectual learning speed.As the report discusses  groups of gifted individuals could now experience opportunities and gain due recognition. The gifted education program naturally became a basis of Singapore’s new education system following the conviction that the gifted and talented would serve as future leaders and propel the country to greater heights.  Gifted education refers to the special practices and procedures used in education of children identified as gifted or talented.

Oral report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oral report - Essay Example Compared to them, now women are more independent and liberated. They can speak, act, and decide things in their own liking with no gender consequences imposed on them. Things are definitely much better. Men have learnt to accept women as their equals in society and life. They have embraced this change and even worked towards enforcing it such as giving equal parliamentary seats for women in various democratic nations. It is said great that things are borne of ideas and thoughts. I thought and wished for this development to once occur and it has. I also tried to acquire education to this effect but due to some reasons was unable to finish. The interviewee seemed very interested. More information was actually being given than what the questions were asked. They seemed to spark some memories and feelings that she wanted heard. It even proved difficult to sometimes be able to steer the interview in the correct direction and relevance to the questions. In her eyes and dedication you could feel that she felt part of history and its unfolding. That she is proud to have experienced that time and the changes that have occurred ever since. Most of what the subject answered was typical of other American women especially African Americans. Their experiences of this period are mainly filled with experiences of racial and gender discrimination. Aspects that greatly surrounded their lives and they all seemed to have wished it away though done nothing active in effect of this. During the periods of 1940’s, Detroit was the leading vehicle manufacturer and boasted of high living standards which rose social issues that later brought its crumbling (Herron 12). It had started a single house policy and living conditions and standards were of a higher class. This was mainly due to the vehicle manufacturing workers good pay. This meant that those earning less such as the subject and most of African American communities had

Automobile Industry China Essay Example for Free

Automobile Industry China Essay ? China became the world’s largest automobile producer and market in 2009 with annual sales of nearly 14 million vehicles. The market continues to expand in 2010. In the first nine months of 2010, automobile production reached 13. 08 million units, a 36. 1 percent increase from a year ago. The China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) raised its forecast for annual sales to reach a record 17 million this year, matching the highest annual total ever reached in the United States. Industry growth has been primarily driven by rising domestic demand stemming from rising incomes, a growing middle class, and by supportive industry policies from the Chinese government. The Chinese automotive industry remains very fragmented. In addition, Chinese central government officials fear that unchecked expansion of Chinas auto industry encouraged by local authorities could harm the wider economy, and that excess capacity must be stopped. Hence, the central government continues to push for mergers and acquisitions (MA) in the automotive industry which will support the emergence of a few leading national companies. China’s weak RD, domestic innovation and design capabilities are key challenges to its international competitiveness. With the government’s encouragement, domestic firms have opted for strategic partnerships with foreign players, aiming to facilitate technology transfer and improve domestic design and engineering capabilities. The Chinese government has implemented a number of tax adjustments and subsidies for automobile purchases to encourage hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles and traditional vehicles of small engine displacement. Beijing has gradually introduced higher automobile emission standards for new vehicles. Plans to develop hybrid electric and pure electric vehicle production capabilities are part of a broader, environmentally friendly strategy to develop the auto industry. Market opportunities exist especially in the following areas: o Developing domestic innovation capabilities (e.g. vehicle design and engineering, hybrid electric and pure electric engines, electric motors and electric controls) o Productivity and quality upgrade (e. g. engines, transmissions, electronic control systems and safety systems) o Mergers and acquisitions (both in China and in Israel) o Clean transportation technologies 3 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) ? ? ? ? ? ? o Advanced manufacturing technologies o Supply of essential automotive components/systems to OEMs (e. g.electronic control systems and safety systems) ? The following automotive segments in China are considered to be highly competitive and it will likely be difficult for Israeli firms to penetrate the market unless they have an extreme competitive advantage: Fabric for seats/interiors, seat covers, floor mats, curtains, aluminum die casting, rubber bumpers, electronic harness cables, antennae, speakers, electric starters, vehicle cleaning products, window films, A/C compressors, fuel and oil and air filters. 1. MARKET OVERVIEW ? ? China’s automotive market has the most growth potential in the world; per capita car ownership is still remarkably low at 4. 78% and is expected to grow significantly. Domestic whole-vehicle manufacturers and automotive suppliers are still extremely fragmented (government-supported consolidation is imminent in the near future); challenges remain for domestic RD and design. With government subsidies and tax incentives, China is aiming to establish an early footing in the production of low-emission and environmentally friendly automobiles. Component imports surged by 130% in the first half of 2010; 60% of imported components were drivetrains, engines or automotive body components. ? ? 1. 1 GENERAL OVERVIEW Market Growth Primarily fueled by domestic and partly by foreign demand, China’s rapidly expanding automotive industry has outpaced the nation’s already impressive GDP growth rates in recent years. Domestically, rising incomes and encouragement from the Chinese government for the urban population to obtain drivers licenses have spurred the demand for passenger vehicles. The booming passenger vehicle market has led to a soaring demand for automotive components. Internationally, automotive manufacturers faced with decreasing margins and profitability have sought out more affordable supply chain solutions, looking to China as a potential source for lower cost automotive components. Unlike developed markets for passenger vehicles, where growth in demand has been largely stagnant, China’s domestic demand for new automobiles has skyrocketed in the past years. Strong car sales in China in 2009 pushed the auto market to the largest in the world, and 2010 is set follow the positive trend. 4 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009). Source: China Association of Automotive Manufacturers (CAAM) In the first nine months of 2010, automobile sales reached 13. 08 million units, up 36. 1% from a year ago. Over 9 million of the total sales were passenger cars and 3. 24 million were commercial vehicles. CAAM predicted that the 2010 annual sales will reach a record of 17 million units. It is widely believed that China’s automotive market currently has the most growth potential in the world. China’s 2009 per capita private car ownership was 4. 78%, far less than the 40% average of developed countries, and even less than other emerging markets such as Russia, Brazil and India. This is a strong indication that China’s domestic market is far from being overly saturated. According to CAAM predictions, growth in the auto industry will remain strong until 2020 with annual growth expected to consistently range from 13 to 15 percent. The total number of vehicles will jump from 67 to 150 million. Sales in larger tierone and tier-two cities as well as rural areas should keep growing at a rapid pace over the next few years and high growth areas will move from eastern China to the central and western regions. Market Players There are currently more than 100 whole-vehicle manufacturers and nearly 8,000 automotive parts manufacturers in China, located primarily in Southern, Eastern, and Northeastern and central China (see the map on the right). Together, the top ten passenger vehicle manufacturers (seven of which are joint ventures (JVs) make up almost 90% of China’s market share (see the table below). Nearly every major global vehicle manufacturer has established JV operations in China. 5 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009). Top 10 Passenger Vehicle Manufacturers in China (2009) Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Source: CAAM Company SAIC1 FAW2 Dongfeng Chana (incl. Hafei) Beijing Auto Guangzhou Auto Chery BYD Brilliance Geely Others HQ Shanghai Changchun Wuhan Chongqing Beijing Guangzhou Hefei Shenzhen Shenyang Taizhou JV Partner GM, VW VW, Toyota, Mazda PSA, Nissan, Honda Ford, Mazda, Suzuki Hyundai Daimler Honda, Toyota, Isuzu, Fiat N/A N/A BMW, Toyota N/A Sales (Unit) 2,705. 5K 1,944. 6K 1,897. 7K 1,869. 8K 1,243. 0K 606. 6K 500. 3K 448. 4K 348. 3K 329. 1K 1,750K Market Share 19. 83% 14. 25% 13. 91% 13. 70% 9. 11% 4. 45% 3. 67% 3. 29% 2. 55% 2. 41% 12. 84% Import Positive demand growth for automobiles and components has not only caused domestic industry development, but has led to increased attention from leading foreign automotive manufacturers eager to expand into the rapidly growing market. Foreign automotive manufacturers have also been encouraged by lower import tariffs, which have been lowered for whole vehicles from 70-80% to 25% since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). Import tariffs on Semi-Knocked-Downs (SKDs) and Complete-Knocked-Downs (CKDs) have dropped from 50% to 25%, while import tariffs on vehicle components have dropped from 15% to 10%. 1 2 Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation First Auto Works 6 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) China’s automotive import growth was slowed due to weaker demand caused by the global economic crisis of 2009. Annual total import were USD 33. 1 billion in 2009, representing a year-onyear increase of only 5. 34%. Assisted by government incentive programs and China’s economic recovery, China’s auto import total bounced back from a sluggish 2009, surging by 130% to USD 27. 22 billion in the first half of 2010. Imported European luxury cars had a remarkable 237. 2% increase in 2010 compared to the same period the previous year. China’s automotive component imports grew to USD 12. 7 billion in the first half of 2010, a 90% increase over the same period of 2009. Drivetrain, engine and automotive body components accounted for over 60% of the total component imports (see chart). More than 80% of the imported components came from Japan, German, Korea, and the United States. The main groups of imported automotive components to China can be divided into three categories: ? Japanese and Korean OEMs and Tier I suppliers: Generally these companies tend to only use suppliers from their country of origin. For example, Toyota typically sources components from Japanese JVs or Wholly Owned Foreign Enterprises (WFOEs) on the mainland, or directly imports from Japan. Such practice tends to result from strict quality requirements, cultural compatibility and logistical concerns. German OEMs and Tier I suppliers: These companies typically import components in the areas where Chinese suppliers are weak (e. g. safety systems for high-end passenger cars). The US and French OEMs operating in China have not increased their automotive component imports as much as their peers for different reasons. US OEMs have steadily increased their sourcing from local Chinese suppliers for vehicles manufactured in China to stay competitive, and French OEMs are facing a shrinking market share in China. ? ? Chinese OEMs are emerging buyers of imported automotive components, especially in the segments of hybrid and electric vehicles and Chinese-brand luxury vehicles. 7 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Export The impact of the economic crisis in 2008-2009 forced many multinational companies to reduce their sourcing of automotive vehicles and components from China. According to CAAM, China exported a total of 369,600 units in 2009 worth USD 5. 19 billion, which was down by 46% from 2008. China’s auto exports rebounded as the global market recovered in 2010, with 250,100 vehicles exported in the first six months (up 55. 93% year-on-year). Passenger vehicle exports surged 115. 93% to 116,500 units, while commercial vehicle exports increased 25. 50% to 133,900 units. Algeria, Vietnam and Egypt were the major whole-vehicle export destinations in the first half of 2010. The auto component’s export growth has witnessed even more impressive growth than whole-vehicles. Exports increased 54. 11% to reach USD 18 billion in the first half year of 2010, with drive system components exceeding 50% of the total by value. More than 50% of the components were exported to the USA, Japan, South Korea, Germany and the United Kingdom. 1. 2 MARKET STRUCTURE Supplier Landscape The automotive supplier landscape in China is extremely fragmented. According to CAAM, there are approximately 8,000 automotive enterprises scattered across various segments including full vehicle manufacturing, vehicle refitting, motorcycle production, engine production and automotive parts manufacturing. Most of these companies specialize in lower-end parts and lack the capital needed to invest in production of higher quality products. Seven of Chinas ten largest components manufacturers are foreign companies, and about 70% of the countrys USD 160 billion auto supply market is occupied by foreign companies or joint ventures. There are approximately 120 OEMs in total, 40% of which produce passenger vehicles. One of the key contributors to the fragmentation of the automotive market as a whole is that Chinese suppliers serve a large amount of separate OEMs. The world’s leading automotive companies are all well-established in China. OEMs are represented by Ford, General Motors (GM), Volkswagen (VW), Daimler, BMW, PSA, Mazda, Nissan, Honda, Toyota, Hyundai, and tier-one international companies including Bosch, Delphi, Denso, Johnson Controls, Lear, Magna, Visteon, Yazaki, ZF, Arvin Meritor and TRW. 8 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Most of the international automaker and component manufactures have invested heavily in China in attempts to gain a competitive edge. For example, GM, Ford and Jaguar Land Rover have established their Asia Pacific headquarters in China. GM, VW and Honda have also opened China RD centers and have begun to design car models specifically for the Chinese consumer. International automotive components companies have also expanded their presence in China. For instance, BorgWarner recently opened a China Technical Center. ZF announced the establishment of its Asia Pacific headquarters in Shanghai as well as a new Shanghai RD center. Eaton’s Asia Pacific headquarters is in Shanghai. Rapid expansion from international firms has let to foreign-invested automotive components suppliers holding 70% of the Chinese market share. Most of the top Chinese automotive parts manufacturers are wholly owned domestic companies such as ASIMCO, Wanxiang, Hongteo, Fuyao, Dicastal, Wanfeng and others. These companies could be potential competitors or partners for Israeli companies. In response to the soaring domestic demand, Chinese automotive component manufacturers have ramped up their production capacities significantly, but this has also led to an increase in quality complaints. Key Challenges for the Domestic Industry Chinese suppliers are now looking beyond the domestic market and improving their production process to emerge as true global competitors. However, further investment in RD is still required before Chinese manufacturers can truly compete globally, as the industry still lacks technological capability and suffers from quality issues. China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Flagship Domestic Automotive Companies Chery Automotive (Chery) ? Founded in 1997 and now has an annual production capacity of 650,000 vehicles, 400,000 engines, and 400,000 sets of gearboxes. ? Continues to expand into the overseas market and has established plants in 16 countries becoming the biggest Chinese vehicle exporter for seven consecutive years. ? Chery Automobile Test Technology Center opened in July 2010, which became the largest auto lab in Asia. The company will invest RMB 2. 4 billion in 2010 to accelerate its new model development. ? Chery now owns a full set of manufacturing and RD facilities, including four car plants, two engine plants, a gearbox plant, an automobile engineering research institute, an automobile planning and design institute and an automobile test technology center. ? Have extensive technological and business relationships with overseas auto companies. Chery signed an agreement with Chrysler to produce Chery made cars under the Chrysler brand to be sold in the United States and Mexico. ? Chery Quantum Auto. Ltd is a joint venture between Chery and Quantum LLC under an Israeli Group. They aimed to invest USD 334 million in 2010 to develop high-end cars and SUVs for the overseas market. 9 RD capability Chinese automotive component manufacturers are able to manufacture products when they are provided with designs and specifications, however most of them lack design, engineering and RD capabilities. Owing to weak RD and engineering capabilities, many local suppliers have opted to enter into technical collaborations or JVs with leading international suppliers with the goal of facilitating the transfer of technology and improve basic product engineering capabilities. A growing number of Chinese auto parts suppliers have begun to invest in and acquire western firms. Domestic RD capabilities of Chinese automotive part manufacturers have historically been limited due to the small-scale of most operations and a shortage of investment in laboratory facilities in comparison to international firms. Taking steps to remedy the situation, the Chinese government has continued to encourage investment in RD for core systems, such as engines, transmission systems, steering systems, brake systems and driving control systems. Safety and reputational issues Incidents and product recalls have raised questions about the quality and safety standards of Chinese manufactured automotive components. According to the 2009 China Automotive Product Quality After Service Quality report, among the 9359 complaints documented about Chinese made cars, 19. 5% were related to engine problems; 10. 5% to steering systems; 10. 7% to braking systems; 18. 5% to automobile accessories and electronics; and the remaining 40. 8% related to the gearbox, clutch, front and rear axles, suspension systems and air conditioning systems. As a result of complaints and recalls, as well as other non-automotive related manufacturing scandals in China including melamine milk, contaminated pet food, and anti-freeze laced toothpaste, Chinese manufactures are facing serious issues about their reputation. This is a problem local manufacturers will have to overcome if they want to increase their competitiveness on the global stage. The drivers are in place for Chinese domestic manufacturers to move to the forefront of the global automotive industry, but substantial domestic investment in RD and improvements on quality and reputation are a necessary prerequisite. 1. 3 EMERGING INDUSTRY TRENDS Industry Drivers The rapid expansion of the Chinese automotive industry has been largely attributed to the growth in domestic demand for passenger vehicles and international demand for affordable automotive components. The Chinese government also continues to play an important role in encouraging the growth of the industry. 10 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Tier II and Tier III cities emerge as market growth engines In 2010, most multinational automakers have included a focus on Central and Western China markets into their strategies in order to capture future growth opportunities. For example, Volkswagen is ramping up capacity of its Chengdu plant more than doubling its production of Sagitars and Jettas from 150,000 to 350,000. GAIC Toyota (a JV between Guangzhou Automobile Industry Corporation and Toyota) is considering building a small and price-competitive car to target the lower end of the market. The JV also announced plans to expand its dealership network across central and Western China. Central and western China have emerged as the main growth engine of the automotive market. According to CAAM, automobile sales in second and third-tier cities in the first nine months of 2009 surged 41 percent and 51 percent respectively, while sales in the firsttier cities increased by 34 percent. Domestic demand has been fueled by rising incomes and a growing middle class creating a larger consumer culture. The purchase of an automobile is increasingly becoming a symbol of financial success. In the past, the focus has been on coastal cities. Since 2009, tier II and tier III cities have emerged as the strongest market growth engines (see more details on your left) Even though large cities in China are facing serious traffic congestion issues, Chinese have not been deterred about making new automobile purchases. China overtook the U. S. as the world’s number one automotive market in January 2009. The positive developments in the passenger vehicle industry have benefitted both domestic auto manufacturers (which are emerging from their infancy stages and developing competitive capabilities) and major international automotive giants (which have increased investment into China to expand their presence). However, with per capita car ownership was still only 4. 78% in 2009, still far below the 40% average in developed countries. This is a strong sign that domestic demand for passenger vehicles will remain high in years to come. The domestic aftermarket for automotive components is increasingly becoming an important driver of the industry. More than thirteen million cars are sold annually in China which is leading to a growing market for automobile repairs and further stimulating domestic demand for automotive components. International demand for automotive components has also increased as international automotive firms face pressures to reduce costs and take advantage of more economical alternatives abroad. China’s inexpensive labor force presents an attractive option for producing lower-cost automotive components, which were initially primarily for the international aftermarket but are increasingly being used by international OEMs. The majority of leading international automobile OEMs have established global sourcing offices, RD centers as well as regional headquarters in China. 11 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Finally, the Chinese government continues to play an important role in driving the industry. Post-WTO accession concessions have resulted in lower import tariffs, giving international automotive firms more access to the domestic market. Beijing has actively encouraged the establishment of JV RD centers with preferential tax policies designed to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and technology. The government has pledged substantial funds towards automotive technology innovation, upgrades, and the RD of alternative-fuel automobiles and components. They are also setting restrictions and quotas requiring all vehicles that are used for government use to be produced domestically. Industry Consolidation China is determined to restructure its automotive industry, with the hopes of changing the market from many fragmented manufactures to two or three dominant domestic firms. According to the State Council’s regulations released in early September 2010 which called for greater industrial consolidation, the automobile industry was at the top of the list of targeted sectors. The State Council set the goal of reducing the number of major automakers who are responsible for 90% of domestic sales output, from 14 to 10. Under the plan two or three companies would dominate the industry, responsible for producing more than three million vehicles annually, while four others would have annual output capacity of 1. 5 million units. The State Council named the following four groups as potential industry heavyweights, urging them to take advantage of consolidation opportunities: FAW; Dongfeng; China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Flagship Domestic Automotive Companies Shanghai Automotive (Group) Corp (SAIC) Industry ? Headquartered in Shanghai, it is one of the top three auto groups in China. ? Mainly engaged in the manufacturing, sales and RD for passenger cars, commercial vehicles and auto components. ? The company is ranked 223 of the Fortune 500 companies with consolidated revenue of US$33. 6 billion in 2009. ? Sold over 2. 7 million vehicles in 2009, making up almost 20% of China’s market. ? SAIC invested over 10 billion RMB on new model development in the past 3 years, and will launch hybrid and electric vehicles in 2010 and 2012. ? Acquired Nanjing Automotive (Group) Corp (NAC) in 2007 and became the largest manufacturer in China with a consolidated annual production of 2 million units. ? SAIC has opened branches in the USA, Europe, Hong Kong, Japan and Korea. It has established a long-term cooperation with GM and Volkswagen. SAIC and GM formed Shanghai GM and the Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center (PATAC) in 1997 and launched 8 additional China joint ventures, including SAIC-GM-Wuling, GMAC-SAIC Automotive Finance Company, and General Motors SAIC Investment Limited. ? Shanghai Volkswagen (a joint venture between SAIC and Volkswagen AG) recently announced it will build a fifth assembly plant in Jiangsu. The plant will have an annual production capacity of 300,000 vehicles and start operation by the end of 2012. 12 SAIC and Chang’an. Additionally, it named four regional leaders that it encouraged to consider regional consolidation: Beijing Automobile; Guangzhou Automobile; Cherry and Sinotruck. All of these companies are passenger vehicle manufacturers with the exception of Sinotruck which manufactures heavy-duty trucks (sales of over 125,000 units in 2009). Industry analysts predict that the coming wave of MAs within the automotive sector could see a deal that breaks the USD 1 billion mark, more than doubling the largest deal to date which was the USD 450 million purchase of General Motors. Nexteer steering components unit by a joint venture established by Beijings Tempo Group and the Beijing government. Global Expansion As the leading automotive market, China automakers are accelerating global transformation to increase their presence in the overseas market. Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (one of China’s largest independent carmakers) recently completed its acquisition of Ford Motor’s Volvo brand for USD 1. 5 billion. This is an indication that Chinese automakers have begun to recognize the power of strong brand reputation. Geely’s Volvo bid is the largest takeover in Chinese auto industry and will provide a pattern for Chinese carmakers to expand aboard and acquire companies with a strong reputation. Beiqi Foton, China’s leading commercial automaker followed Geely’s step and announced its global expansion plan. This includes setting up a production base in Russia by 2012 with an annual capacity of 100, 000 vehicles and building five other plants in Brazil, India, Russia, Mexico and Thailand before 2015. New Energy Vehicle: Focus of Future Development High oil prices, air pollution, and China’s commitment to reduce carbon emissions have led the automotive industry to explore alternative energies. The Chinese government has launched policies and incentives to stimulate the development of new energy vehicles, including electric (hybrid, plug-in and battery), fuel cell, and hydrogen-powered. China has identified new energy vehicle as one of the seven emerging strategic industries. Many estimate China will become the world’s largest new energy vehicle market by 2020. The Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicle Development Plan (2011-2020) and the Automotive Industry 12th Five-year Plan (2011-2015), two of the key policies expected to guide the development of new energy vehicle industry, are expected to come out by the end of 2010. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) is the principal drafter of these plans which are later submitted to the State Council for approval. The plans set the following key targets for the new energy vehicle industry by the end of 2020: ? In the following five years China will aggressively support the development of key components of energy efficient and new energy automobiles. For electric motors and 13 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) ? ? batteries manufacturers, China hopes that three to five â€Å"backbone† enterprises will emerge with their combined market share exceeding 60%. China will produce 5 million new energy vehicles and become the number one producer of new energy vehicles in the world by 2020; Average fuel economy of passenger vehicles will be 4. 5 L/100 kilometers by 2020, the same as European standards. The plans will become the backbone policy for the entire new energy vehicle industry, as it provides direction for public funding, sector focus and industry structuring. Most important to pay attention to is that Chinese companies are likely to reap the most benefits from these structured strategies. To support indigenous innovation, the Chinese government has stated that the two or three key new energy vehicle component manufacturers will most likely be domestic companies, either state-owned or private. 2 REGULATORY OVERVIEW ? Government tariffs on automotive imports are in compliance with WTO rules, but minimum capital barriers still exist for foreign investors. The government has created some incentives to spur RD partnership, and regulations for foreign distributers have been eased somewhat. The government has plans to implement higher auto emissions standards for new cars in China. So far four regions have implemented â€Å"China IV† emission standards (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and Guangdong Province). The Chinese government views the development of the new energy vehicle industry in China as a top priority and has introduced a wide range of subsidies and policies in its favor. ? ? China’s automotive industry supply chain is very broad with many components such as import and export, manufacturing, environmental protection, technology upgrades and quality control. As such, the industry is regulated by a range of government organs, both at the national and sub-national level. The below chart illustrates the key central level regulators of the automotive industry, and their relevant responsibilities. 14 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) The automotive industry is subject to a number of laws and regulations. The key regulations that are relevant to Israeli companies are addressed below. 2. 1 FOREIGN ACCESS TO THE CHINESE AUTOMOTIVE MARKET Trade The Chinese auto sector is competitive and has a well-developed supply chain. Imports of foreign-made auto parts will likely decrease as OEMs continue to increase their local capacities. At the same time, higher quality Chinese auto parts are increasingly being integrated into the global supply chain. Currently the import tariff for whole vehicles is 25% and for automotive components is 10%. 15 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Investment Foreign businesses must meet a number of requirements in order to access China’s automotive market. The Chinese government has set requirements for minimum registered capital when a firm wants to establish an automotive facility which is RMB 500 million (USD 75 million3) for automobile financing, RMB 500 million (USD 75 million) for engine production and RMB 10 million (USD 1. 5 million) for an RD center. All projects are subject to government approval. Foreign firms looking to produce passenger vehicles cannot set up WOFEs, but must partner with a local Chinese firm in the form of a JV, with the foreign partner’s stake limited to 50%. On the other hand, China offers fiscal and financial incentives to attract foreign investment in RD strategies as part of the central government’s strategy to speed up the transfer of international technology. China currently provides tax incentives for enterprises engaged in research and development activities, allowing RD enterprises to deduct 50% of RD expenses. Suppliers are most often required to localize or invest in China and Israeli companies interested in tapping into the vast Chinese market will need to consider establishing a local presence. IPR Issues in China While the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) remains a contentious issue for companies in China, the country’s laws and regulations have progressed considerably in recent years, with the large majority now compliant with requirements of the WTO’s TRIPS agreement. The main challenge surrounding IPR protection in China is the lack of effective enforcement of the existing regulations. Enforcement issues arise from a range of root causes, including the relatively recent introduction of IPR legislation and concept of intellectual property in general, the absence of a fully independent judicial system, and provincial officials’ often protective attitude towards local job creating counterfeiting industries. While most foreign companies considering business operations in China may have to accept an unavoidable degree of IPR infringement, there are nevertheless a number of actions that a company can take in order to limit their IPR-related risk: ? ? ? Ensure to register your patents, copyrights, or trademarks with the relevant bureaus Ensure that your trade or other.

Kelloggs Demonstrates Good Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay

Kelloggs Demonstrates Good Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay Through the three elements mentioned above, can build and supply chain management on the ground to allow the flow of materials and information in support of operations productivity, and management decisions through the chain. But difficult challenge facing the achievement of this series is that the processes of flow requires decisions then observe changes implementation according to the nature of supplier performance, and where suppliers can deployed across the world, the process of material supply and communication can be expensive and take longer, this must be supported by building strong, and communication protocols allow easy transfer of information across the world, and the elements of this construction are: †¢ Model for Supply Chain Management Review. †¢ Service data for supply chain management. †¢ Decision support systems productivity. †¢ Simulation systems. †¢ A knowledge database to manage suppliers. And to use electronic networks and communication technology in the implementation of various actions, and push forward the process of coordination and approach between the programs and plans through the chain, in order to achieve the level of performance of a good amount to the challenges posed by competition in the global market and the requirements of globalization business, and the impact of diversification on the product, and increasing complexity of supply networks, and shorten product life cycles. Of a key ingredient for the success of supply chain management is to change the organizational structure of the temple is known (organizational hierarchy structure ) to organizational structure linear (organizational networks structure ), and which is characterized by simplicity, flexibility and speed flow of information across teams and that perform operations and tasks entrusted to it faster, and thus enable them to respond quickly to changes in the work environment and quickly identify the opportunities that exist and retain the status of a better marketing. Why is it important for companies like Kelloggs to build good relationships with businesses in the tertiary sector? Support your answer with other examples. Company Kellogg is a very large company and they know exactly what they are doing, investing in the higher education sector is one of the best sectors for investment and company Kellogg have the potential to earn the trust of customers, the government and large companies and in order to provide the best products they have to cooperate and establish good relationships with the higher education sector and also having experience in the company gives them the security to be relations with any sector could contribute to the development of the company to expand the geographical reach So most large companies tend to invest and set up relations with the higher education sector who could give greater opportunities for forward direction for the better in the company Universities are the cornerstone for the Arab higher education both in terms of size or quality or the ability to progress and there is a tendency to collect all institutions of higher education under the umbrella of the universities.   So it if conducted any serious study on higher education in the Arab region, it should focus on higher education, as this education is concentrated where the aims of education and its significance. It is only through university education is offered in the Arab world, as it is the organization that allows students to obtain academic degrees Supreme like diploma in various sciences, as well as masters and doctoral degrees in academic areas. In addition, we find that universities, through the continuing attempts to establish institutes of higher education, and institutes for Social Development, prefer to evaluate the universities, in the light of the fact that you see that universities are no longer confined to academic studies alone, but it can provide studies less than level university, as can also offer Graduate. national and international, advertising companies and may be most importantly transport companies such as TDG, and the supply Chain of supermarkets and other retailers in order to be able to sell their products to the final customer efficiently. In the case that the retailers who sell Kelloggs products arent happy, they can immediately change their suppliers and this would cause a decrease in the profit of Kelloggs. Kelloggs needs to work with a good transportation service company, and to keep good relationship with them in order to deliver their products to their customers in time. Evaluate at least three benefits for large manufacturers like Kelloggs in handing over the logistical side of their business to specialist companies like TDG. In order company Kellogg from entering the market strongly it should increase the quality and reduce the prices due to the presence of many competitors QC and prices and among the obstacles faced by the company Kellogg He when they discovered that transportation is one of the necessary things in the company and that they suffered a big numbers of profits that they can exploit in other things so firm Kellogg found a solution to this financial waste and is contracting with a company TDG transport and this will help them greatly and will those losses were will lose in the past, as this company guarantees them access their products to customers and companies and a store safely and under contract with the company cheaply than in the past and dealing with a professional company better transport of cargo by the same company to avoid any error that may result from it, and become customers and companies are happy because the requests reach them on time and agreed. And the usual loads in road freight be in the range of 24 tons to 50 tons depending on the type and capacity of the truck. And there is also a lorry and a form of truck length of 6 meters only Half a lorry and be less in length and load weight average about 4 to 5 tons and there is also the truck Pickup and be payload tons and a half and is shipping land the second most important means of transport after shipping where a shipping Imad Maritime transport in the world of shipping. So Kelloggs has made the collaboration with the transport company TDG. This has helped them to minimize the unit cost of transportation. TDG keeps the warehouse costs low as they work with computerized heating and they are more specialized in transportation. Kelloggs decision to work with a specialized transport company and share costs with another producer (Kimberley Clark) has appositive effect on the environment as it reduces the waste and the fuel is used. This helps reduce costs as well. Kelloggs customers are happy with the replenish of products in time, and this generates into more orders for Kelloggs and their profits rises they sell more pieces at a lower cost. Using examples with which you are familiar, analyze the key elements of the marketing mix to suggest how an organization can improve its overall marketing strategy. Addresses the strategic entrance inter alia with regard to the external and internal variables as well as the guidance of senior management and the belief functions and the basic objectives of the organization. The product mix strategy includes a series of decisions that relate to products in terms of quantity and quality, shapes and levels of quality and the number of lines of main and secondary products within each line of products in addition to the number of product lines that can be inserted according to the productive potential available and the interdependence consistency and between lines within each product line. The address of the types of alternative strategies for product mix highlights the alternatives that are addressed in the area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the strategic choice of product mix, as well as to clarify the most important strategies that organization wishes to change the mix of products in the light of the availability capabilities and available resources and existing competition. In general, there are four options strategy represents the normal products and strategies are: 1 discrimination strategy: The organization is trying here to distinguish their products from other products of the same type in question and the development of depth by adding new products to the product line which increases the number of products, but do not give up what is of products previously and operating within the same industry where that discrimination is by design , mark and packaging and this means that the organization is action on the product, whether this change size or shape or brand, used this strategy when it is most competitive with an increase in the number of markets around the organization, as well as tracking in case of a potential surplus production or idle, and the existence of financial and human resources so that they can benefit from the new products in similar circumstances produced and marketed with existing products. This reflects the one-dimensional and is the consistency of a combination or integration of the product mix. 2 diversification strategy: And this means adding new lines to its existing product lines that are different uses for other products, but under the same brand. This means that the organization is seeking to deepen its product mix, diversification here means that the organization is expanding in giving opportunities to choose in front of the consumer and by providing a range of new products and by entering into new markets through the addition of a line or several production lines. This type represents the organizations strategy for growth, and this requires high skills, new technology, as well as multiple financial facilities as required to make a financial and regulatory changes in the business structure within the organization and which represent new cases from the past.